Lyndsey Carmichael

Emerging Academic & PhD Student


Curriculum vitae


School of Education

University of Exeter



Can we always be on-campus? Exploring Challenges in On-campus and Distance Learning Environments Among Postgraduate Researchers: Preliminary Findings.


I recently presented this research at the RIDE2024 conference at the University of London in March. Since this is research in progress, I have included the main findings and reccomendations thus far with a reference list. 

If you visited this page after seeing my poster, thank you for taking the time to look at my research in progress. 

Early findings reveal a diverse range of experiences among PGRs. A notable insight is that on-campus presence may not always be essential for all PGRs, especially those with additional responsibilities, who find balancing a PhD with personal life increasingly challenging. The survey also brought to light the post-pandemic effects on DL students, particularly feelings of isolation when others returned to campus, contrasting the benefits of on-campus interactions with the advantages of DL, such as flexibility and balancing personal commitments. 

Recommendations
The findings indicate a clear preference for flexible study modes that consider individual circumstances and the evolving nature of PGR work. The sense of community and access to resources are critical factors that favor on-campus engagement, especially in the early stages of PGR studies. However, the need for autonomy, particularly for those with additional responsibilities, makes the case for a robust hybrid model that can be tailored over time to suit individual PGR needs.
 Academic institutions should recognise the diversity of PGR experiences and preferences when considering the needs of doctoral students. A hybrid approach that allows for varying degrees of on-campus and distance engagement throughout the PGR journey could offer an optimal solution, addressing the need for flexibility, community, and resource access.

References
Bok, G. I. (2023). Belonging in Distance Learning. Learning and Teaching. https://doi.org/10.3167/latiss.2023.160104
Braun, V., Clarke, V., Boulton, E., Davey, L., & McEvoy, C. (2021). The online survey as a qualitative research tool. International Journal of Social Research Methodology, 24(6), 641-654. https://doi.org/10.1080/13645579.2020.1805550
Bravo, I. d. A., Alarcia, Ò. F. i., González-Rubio, J., Araneda, D. S., & Olivos, C. L. (2022). Workloads and Emotional Factors Derived From the Transition Towards Online and/or Hybrid Teaching Among Postgraduate Professors: Review of the Lessons Learned. Education Sciences. https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci12100666
Burford, J., & Hook, G. (2019). Curating Care-Full Spaces: Doctoral Students Negotiating Study From Home. Higher Education Research & Development. https://doi.org/10.1080/07294360.2019.1657805
Casey, C., Harvey, O., Taylor, J., Knight, F., & Trenoweth, S. (2022). Exploring the wellbeing and resilience of postgraduate researchers. Journal of Further and Higher Education, 46(6), 850-867. https://doi.org/10.1080/0309877X.2021.2018413
Channon, D., Savva, M., & Nygaard, L. P. (2021). Navigating the pass
distance, dislocation and the viva. In M. Savva & L. P. Nygaard (Eds.), Becoming a Scholar (pp. 71-88). UCL Press. http://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctv17ppc4v.11
Cuming, T., Verdon, S., Hoffman, L., Hopf, S. C., & Brown, L. (2023). Mothers’ experiences of engaging in blended online learning in higher education. International Journal of Lifelong Education, 42(2), 177-194. https://doi.org/10.1080/02601370.2023.2173815
Delaney, E., & Liu, W. (2023). Postgraduate design education and sustainability—An investigation into the current state of higher education and the challenges of educating for sustainability [Original Research]. Frontiers in Sustainability, 4. https://doi.org/10.3389/frsus.2023.1148685
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Gnaur, D., Hindhede, A. L., & Andersen, V. H. (2020). Towards Hybrid Learning in Higher Education in the Wake of the COVID-19 Crisis. In (pp. 205-211,XV). Kidmore End: Academic Conferences International Limited.
Gray, M., Crosta, L., Ferreira, M., & Manokore, V. (2015). Am I where I want to be? Online Doctoral Students’ Belongingness
HESA. (2023). Where do HE students come from?: Transnational education. HESA. Retrieved 2 February from https://www.hesa.ac.uk/data-and-analysis/students/where-from/transnational
Kahu, E. R., Stephens, C., Leach, L., & Zepke, N. (2013). The Engagement of Mature Distance Students. Higher Education Research & Development. https://doi.org/10.1080/07294360.2013.777036
Kalu, M. E. (2019). Using Emphasis-Purposeful Sampling-Phenomenon of Interest–Context (EPPiC) Framework to Reflect on Two Qualitative Research Designs and Questions: A Reflective Process. The Qualitative Report. https://doi.org/10.46743/2160-3715/2019.4082
Kantcheva, R. B., & Bickle, E. (2023). Inclusive Learning Development Practices: The Consequences of Flexibility and Choice in the Hybrid Era. Journal of Learning Development in Higher Education. https://doi.org/10.47408/jldhe.vi26.886
Kezar, A. (2000). The Importance of Pilot Studies: Beginning the Hermeneutic Circle. Research in Higher Education, 41(3), 385-400. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1007047028758
Malmqvist, J., Hellberg, K., Möllås, G., Rose, R., & Shevlin, M. (2019). Conducting the Pilot Study: A Neglected Part of the Research Process? Methodological Findings Supporting the Importance of Piloting in Qualitative Research Studies. International Journal of Qualitative Methods, 18, 160940691987834. https://doi.org/10.1177/1609406919878341
Mandalawi, S., Henderson, R., Huijser, H., & Chyn, M. Y. (2022). Issues of belonging, pedagogy and learning in doctoral study at a distance. Journal of University Teaching & Learning Practice, 19(4), 14-18. 
Mogaji, E., Adamu, N., & Nguyen, N. P. (2021). Stakeholders Shaping Experiences of Self-Funded International PhD Students in UK Business Schools. The International Journal of Management Education. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijme.2021.100543
Patton, M. Q. (2015). Qualitative Research & Evaluation Methods
Integrating Theory and Practice (Fourth Edition ed.). 
Rijst, R. v. d., Guo, P., & Admiraal, W. (2023). Student Engagement in Hybrid Approaches to Teaching in Higher Education. Revista De Investigación Educativa. https://doi.org/10.6018/rie.562521
SİNcer, S., & Yakut ÖZek, B. (2024). Yükseköğretimde Dijital Dönüşüm: Çevrimiçi ve Hibrit Uygulamaların Geleneksel Eğitim Sistemine Entegrasyonu [Digital Transformation in Higher Education: Integration of Online and Hybrid Practices into Traditional Education Systems]. Korkut Ata Türkiyat Araştırmaları Dergisi(14), 1170-1193. https://doi.org/10.51531/korkutataturkiyat.1426337
Singh, J., Steele, K., & Singh, L. (2021). Combining the Best of Online and Face-to-Face Learning: Hybrid and Blended Learning Approach for COVID-19, Post Vaccine, & Post-Pandemic World. Journal of Educational Technology Systems, 50(2), 140-171. https://doi.org/10.1177/00472395211047865
UKRI. (2023). A New Deal for Postgraduate Research: response to the call for input.
Van-Teijlingen, E. R., & Hundley, V. (2001). The importance of pilot studies. Department of Sociology. Retrieved 28 March from https://sru.soc.surrey.ac.uk/SRU35.html
Zhang, S., Li, C., & Unger, D. (2022). International Doctoral Students’ Sense of Belonging, Mental Toughness, and Psychological Well-Being. Journal of Comparative & International Higher Education. https://doi.org/10.32674/jcihe.v14i1.3432
 
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